What gathers in Ho Chi Minh City's parks before sunrise draws on two very different sources — an old Chinese martial and philosophical tradition, and a twentieth-century Vietnamese doctor's stubborn refusal to die on schedule.
Tai chi (Thái Cực Quyền) traces back to Chinese Taoist physical and breathing practices generally known as yangsheng — "nourishing life" — aimed at cultivating health, longevity and internal balance through slow, deliberate movement rather than force.
Vietnamese village communities had long maintained their own health traditions alongside thuốc Nam, the country's indigenous herbal medicine — breathing and movement exercises passed down informally rather than codified into a single named system.
Nguyễn Khắc Viện, born in Hà Tĩnh province, trains as a doctor in Hanoi and then Paris, before severe tuberculosis and a series of operations leave him with less than a third of his lung capacity intact; French doctors give him roughly two years to live. See The doctor who breathed his way to eighty-five, below.
Rather than accept the prognosis, Viện studies qigong, meditation and yoga, and develops his own breathing method grounded in modern respiratory physiology — publishing it widely in Vietnam under the name "dưỡng sinh," giving an old, generic term new and specific meaning.
Every morning across Ho Chi Minh City, tai chi, qigong and Nguyễn Khắc Viện-style dưỡng sinh are practiced side by side in the same public parks, often by the same generation of retirees, frequently without much distinction drawn between them by casual passersby.