Unlike districts organized around a market or a river, District 10 began as a gap — empty land that took over a century to fill.
This land sits in the wasteland between Sài Gòn and Chợ Lớn, largely uninhabited even as both neighboring settlements grow into busy trading towns.
During the Lê Văn Khôi uprising against Emperor Minh Mạng — led by the adopted son of Bến Nghé's own Lê Văn Duyệt, whose posthumous punishment is remembered on the District 3 page of this site — imperial suppression leaves mass graves scattered across this then-empty ground, stretching from what is now Bình Dân Hospital to the site of today's Việt Nam Quốc Tự pagoda.
The area becomes part of Chợ Lớn province, its favorable location between two cities gradually drawing settlers from the Mekong Delta provinces and central Vietnam.
The Bàn Cờ area, still dotted with unmarked graves at the turn of the century, fills rapidly with migrant housing as the city expands — thatched homes packed onto a newly platted grid of perpendicular streets, whose checkerboard pattern gives the neighborhood its name (bàn cờ, "chessboard").
Construction begins on a new prison intended to replace the aging Khám Lớn Sài Gòn — see Architecture, below.
District 10 is formally established under the Republic of Vietnam's Saigon Capital administration, carved from land split off District 3 and District 5, with four founding wards: Minh Mạng, Nguyễn Tri Phương, Phan Thanh Giản and Chí Hòa.
A fifth ward, Nhật Tảo, is added — the name that will later attach itself to the district's best-known market.
Following reunification, the district's named wards are dissolved and replaced with 25 numbered wards, part of a citywide standardization.
Nhật Tảo, Hòa Hưng and Nguyễn Tri Phương markets grow into some of the busiest trading hubs in the city, drawing shoppers from well beyond the district.
A citywide ward reform merges District 10's numbered wards into three new named wards: Vườn Lài, Diên Hồng and Hòa Hưng.